Colour in Coordination Compounds
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321780 If a didenate ligand ethane -1,2-diamine is progressively added in the molar ratio
en : \(\mathrm{Ni}=1: 1,2: 1,3: 1\) to \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\right]^{2+}\) aq solution, following co-ordination entities are formed
I. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4} \mathrm{en}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - pale blue
II. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2}(\text { en })_{2}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - blue / purple
III. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{en})_{3}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - violet
The wavelength in nm of light absorbed in case of I and III are respectively.

1 \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\)
2 \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(535 \mathrm{~nm}\)
3 \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\)
4 \(300 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321781 The correct order for the wavelength of absorption in the visible region is

1 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
2 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
3 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
4 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321782 Why are different colours observed in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes for the same metal and same ligands?

1 Higher wavelength is absorbed in octahedral complex than tetrahedral complex
2 Higher wavelength is absorbed in tetrahedral complex than Octahedral complex
3 Both absorb same wavelength but emit differently
4 It is the natural phenomenon
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321783 Consider the following complexes :
(I) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{CoCl}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\right]^{2+}}}\)
(II) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]^{3-}}}\)
(III) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\right]^{3+}}}\)
(IV) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4}\right]^{2+}}}\)
The correct order of (I), (II), (III) and (IV) in terms of wave number of light absorbed is

1 (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
2 (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
3 (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
4 (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321784 What is the relationship between observed colour of the complex and the wavelength of light absorbed by the complex?

1 Higher is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
2 Lower is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
3 Lower is CFSE higer is wavelength absorbed
4 Both (1) & (3)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321780 If a didenate ligand ethane -1,2-diamine is progressively added in the molar ratio
en : \(\mathrm{Ni}=1: 1,2: 1,3: 1\) to \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\right]^{2+}\) aq solution, following co-ordination entities are formed
I. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4} \mathrm{en}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - pale blue
II. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2}(\text { en })_{2}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - blue / purple
III. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{en})_{3}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - violet
The wavelength in nm of light absorbed in case of I and III are respectively.

1 \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\)
2 \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(535 \mathrm{~nm}\)
3 \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\)
4 \(300 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321781 The correct order for the wavelength of absorption in the visible region is

1 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
2 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
3 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
4 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321782 Why are different colours observed in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes for the same metal and same ligands?

1 Higher wavelength is absorbed in octahedral complex than tetrahedral complex
2 Higher wavelength is absorbed in tetrahedral complex than Octahedral complex
3 Both absorb same wavelength but emit differently
4 It is the natural phenomenon
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321783 Consider the following complexes :
(I) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{CoCl}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\right]^{2+}}}\)
(II) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]^{3-}}}\)
(III) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\right]^{3+}}}\)
(IV) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4}\right]^{2+}}}\)
The correct order of (I), (II), (III) and (IV) in terms of wave number of light absorbed is

1 (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
2 (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
3 (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
4 (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321784 What is the relationship between observed colour of the complex and the wavelength of light absorbed by the complex?

1 Higher is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
2 Lower is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
3 Lower is CFSE higer is wavelength absorbed
4 Both (1) & (3)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321780 If a didenate ligand ethane -1,2-diamine is progressively added in the molar ratio
en : \(\mathrm{Ni}=1: 1,2: 1,3: 1\) to \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\right]^{2+}\) aq solution, following co-ordination entities are formed
I. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4} \mathrm{en}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - pale blue
II. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2}(\text { en })_{2}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - blue / purple
III. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{en})_{3}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - violet
The wavelength in nm of light absorbed in case of I and III are respectively.

1 \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\)
2 \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(535 \mathrm{~nm}\)
3 \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\)
4 \(300 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321781 The correct order for the wavelength of absorption in the visible region is

1 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
2 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
3 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
4 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321782 Why are different colours observed in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes for the same metal and same ligands?

1 Higher wavelength is absorbed in octahedral complex than tetrahedral complex
2 Higher wavelength is absorbed in tetrahedral complex than Octahedral complex
3 Both absorb same wavelength but emit differently
4 It is the natural phenomenon
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321783 Consider the following complexes :
(I) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{CoCl}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\right]^{2+}}}\)
(II) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]^{3-}}}\)
(III) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\right]^{3+}}}\)
(IV) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4}\right]^{2+}}}\)
The correct order of (I), (II), (III) and (IV) in terms of wave number of light absorbed is

1 (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
2 (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
3 (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
4 (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321784 What is the relationship between observed colour of the complex and the wavelength of light absorbed by the complex?

1 Higher is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
2 Lower is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
3 Lower is CFSE higer is wavelength absorbed
4 Both (1) & (3)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321780 If a didenate ligand ethane -1,2-diamine is progressively added in the molar ratio
en : \(\mathrm{Ni}=1: 1,2: 1,3: 1\) to \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\right]^{2+}\) aq solution, following co-ordination entities are formed
I. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4} \mathrm{en}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - pale blue
II. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2}(\text { en })_{2}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - blue / purple
III. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{en})_{3}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - violet
The wavelength in nm of light absorbed in case of I and III are respectively.

1 \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\)
2 \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(535 \mathrm{~nm}\)
3 \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\)
4 \(300 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321781 The correct order for the wavelength of absorption in the visible region is

1 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
2 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
3 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
4 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321782 Why are different colours observed in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes for the same metal and same ligands?

1 Higher wavelength is absorbed in octahedral complex than tetrahedral complex
2 Higher wavelength is absorbed in tetrahedral complex than Octahedral complex
3 Both absorb same wavelength but emit differently
4 It is the natural phenomenon
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321783 Consider the following complexes :
(I) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{CoCl}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\right]^{2+}}}\)
(II) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]^{3-}}}\)
(III) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\right]^{3+}}}\)
(IV) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4}\right]^{2+}}}\)
The correct order of (I), (II), (III) and (IV) in terms of wave number of light absorbed is

1 (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
2 (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
3 (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
4 (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321784 What is the relationship between observed colour of the complex and the wavelength of light absorbed by the complex?

1 Higher is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
2 Lower is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
3 Lower is CFSE higer is wavelength absorbed
4 Both (1) & (3)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321780 If a didenate ligand ethane -1,2-diamine is progressively added in the molar ratio
en : \(\mathrm{Ni}=1: 1,2: 1,3: 1\) to \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\right]^{2+}\) aq solution, following co-ordination entities are formed
I. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4} \mathrm{en}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - pale blue
II. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{2}(\text { en })_{2}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - blue / purple
III. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{en})_{3}\right]_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) - violet
The wavelength in nm of light absorbed in case of I and III are respectively.

1 \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\)
2 \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(535 \mathrm{~nm}\)
3 \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(310 \mathrm{~nm}\)
4 \(300 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(475 \mathrm{~nm}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321781 The correct order for the wavelength of absorption in the visible region is

1 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
2 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}\)
3 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
4 \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+} < \left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right)_{6}\right]^{4-}\)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321782 Why are different colours observed in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes for the same metal and same ligands?

1 Higher wavelength is absorbed in octahedral complex than tetrahedral complex
2 Higher wavelength is absorbed in tetrahedral complex than Octahedral complex
3 Both absorb same wavelength but emit differently
4 It is the natural phenomenon
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321783 Consider the following complexes :
(I) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{CoCl}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\right]^{2+}}}\)
(II) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}\right]^{3-}}}\)
(III) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{5}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\right]^{3+}}}\)
(IV) \({\mathrm{\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{4}\right]^{2+}}}\)
The correct order of (I), (II), (III) and (IV) in terms of wave number of light absorbed is

1 (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
2 (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
3 (IV) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (II)
4 (II) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (III) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (I) \({\mathrm{ < }}\) (IV)
CHXII09:COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

321784 What is the relationship between observed colour of the complex and the wavelength of light absorbed by the complex?

1 Higher is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
2 Lower is CFSE lower is wavelength absorbed
3 Lower is CFSE higer is wavelength absorbed
4 Both (1) & (3)