+I-effect always decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid because +I-effect push the electron towards carboxylic group and the $-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is not easily break. Hence the order of acidity is -
Karnataka CET-2012
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231507
Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using
1 $+\mathrm{M}$ effect
2 - I effect
3 + I effect
4 $-\mathrm{M}$ effect
Explanation:
(C) : In acetic acid, methyl group release electron due to $+\mathrm{I}$ effect which decreases its acidic character whereas, formic acid does not contain any such type of group. Hence, formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
Karnataka CET-2011
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231529
Choose the weakest acid among the following
+I-effect decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid and -I-effect increase the acidity. Bulky alkyl group have higher $+\mathrm{I}$-effect. Hence $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$ is weakest acid. Hence option (e) is correct. The order of acidity is - $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCOOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}$
Kerala CEE-2010
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231509
Which one of the following has the most nucleophilic nitrogen?
1
2
3
4
Explanation:
Nucleophiles are the species which have excess of electrons. Among the given species, the lone pair of nitrogen of pyrrole is involved in delocalisation of the ring, thus, are not available for donation. In aniline, the lone pair involved in conjugation with the $\pi$ electrons of the ring while in pyridine, these are relatively free for donation. Thus, nitrogen of pyridine is most nucleophilic. (phenyl and $-\mathrm{COCH}_{3}$ both are electron withdrawing groups, thus decreases the nucleophilicity of nitrogen.
Karnataka CET
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231513
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic strengths $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}$
Aliphatic amines are more basic than $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ due to $+I$ effect of alkyl groups. In aqueous medium tertiary amine is less basic than secondary amine because amine is less solvated as compared to the cation formed by protonation of tertiary amine is less solvates as compared to the cation formed by protonation of secondary amine. Hence, the increasing order of their basic strength is as : $\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$
+I-effect always decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid because +I-effect push the electron towards carboxylic group and the $-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is not easily break. Hence the order of acidity is -
Karnataka CET-2012
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231507
Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using
1 $+\mathrm{M}$ effect
2 - I effect
3 + I effect
4 $-\mathrm{M}$ effect
Explanation:
(C) : In acetic acid, methyl group release electron due to $+\mathrm{I}$ effect which decreases its acidic character whereas, formic acid does not contain any such type of group. Hence, formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
Karnataka CET-2011
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231529
Choose the weakest acid among the following
+I-effect decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid and -I-effect increase the acidity. Bulky alkyl group have higher $+\mathrm{I}$-effect. Hence $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$ is weakest acid. Hence option (e) is correct. The order of acidity is - $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCOOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}$
Kerala CEE-2010
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231509
Which one of the following has the most nucleophilic nitrogen?
1
2
3
4
Explanation:
Nucleophiles are the species which have excess of electrons. Among the given species, the lone pair of nitrogen of pyrrole is involved in delocalisation of the ring, thus, are not available for donation. In aniline, the lone pair involved in conjugation with the $\pi$ electrons of the ring while in pyridine, these are relatively free for donation. Thus, nitrogen of pyridine is most nucleophilic. (phenyl and $-\mathrm{COCH}_{3}$ both are electron withdrawing groups, thus decreases the nucleophilicity of nitrogen.
Karnataka CET
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231513
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic strengths $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}$
Aliphatic amines are more basic than $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ due to $+I$ effect of alkyl groups. In aqueous medium tertiary amine is less basic than secondary amine because amine is less solvated as compared to the cation formed by protonation of tertiary amine is less solvates as compared to the cation formed by protonation of secondary amine. Hence, the increasing order of their basic strength is as : $\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$
+I-effect always decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid because +I-effect push the electron towards carboxylic group and the $-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is not easily break. Hence the order of acidity is -
Karnataka CET-2012
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231507
Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using
1 $+\mathrm{M}$ effect
2 - I effect
3 + I effect
4 $-\mathrm{M}$ effect
Explanation:
(C) : In acetic acid, methyl group release electron due to $+\mathrm{I}$ effect which decreases its acidic character whereas, formic acid does not contain any such type of group. Hence, formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
Karnataka CET-2011
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231529
Choose the weakest acid among the following
+I-effect decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid and -I-effect increase the acidity. Bulky alkyl group have higher $+\mathrm{I}$-effect. Hence $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$ is weakest acid. Hence option (e) is correct. The order of acidity is - $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCOOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}$
Kerala CEE-2010
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231509
Which one of the following has the most nucleophilic nitrogen?
1
2
3
4
Explanation:
Nucleophiles are the species which have excess of electrons. Among the given species, the lone pair of nitrogen of pyrrole is involved in delocalisation of the ring, thus, are not available for donation. In aniline, the lone pair involved in conjugation with the $\pi$ electrons of the ring while in pyridine, these are relatively free for donation. Thus, nitrogen of pyridine is most nucleophilic. (phenyl and $-\mathrm{COCH}_{3}$ both are electron withdrawing groups, thus decreases the nucleophilicity of nitrogen.
Karnataka CET
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231513
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic strengths $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}$
Aliphatic amines are more basic than $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ due to $+I$ effect of alkyl groups. In aqueous medium tertiary amine is less basic than secondary amine because amine is less solvated as compared to the cation formed by protonation of tertiary amine is less solvates as compared to the cation formed by protonation of secondary amine. Hence, the increasing order of their basic strength is as : $\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$
+I-effect always decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid because +I-effect push the electron towards carboxylic group and the $-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is not easily break. Hence the order of acidity is -
Karnataka CET-2012
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231507
Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using
1 $+\mathrm{M}$ effect
2 - I effect
3 + I effect
4 $-\mathrm{M}$ effect
Explanation:
(C) : In acetic acid, methyl group release electron due to $+\mathrm{I}$ effect which decreases its acidic character whereas, formic acid does not contain any such type of group. Hence, formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
Karnataka CET-2011
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231529
Choose the weakest acid among the following
+I-effect decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid and -I-effect increase the acidity. Bulky alkyl group have higher $+\mathrm{I}$-effect. Hence $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$ is weakest acid. Hence option (e) is correct. The order of acidity is - $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCOOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}$
Kerala CEE-2010
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231509
Which one of the following has the most nucleophilic nitrogen?
1
2
3
4
Explanation:
Nucleophiles are the species which have excess of electrons. Among the given species, the lone pair of nitrogen of pyrrole is involved in delocalisation of the ring, thus, are not available for donation. In aniline, the lone pair involved in conjugation with the $\pi$ electrons of the ring while in pyridine, these are relatively free for donation. Thus, nitrogen of pyridine is most nucleophilic. (phenyl and $-\mathrm{COCH}_{3}$ both are electron withdrawing groups, thus decreases the nucleophilicity of nitrogen.
Karnataka CET
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231513
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic strengths $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}$
Aliphatic amines are more basic than $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ due to $+I$ effect of alkyl groups. In aqueous medium tertiary amine is less basic than secondary amine because amine is less solvated as compared to the cation formed by protonation of tertiary amine is less solvates as compared to the cation formed by protonation of secondary amine. Hence, the increasing order of their basic strength is as : $\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$
+I-effect always decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid because +I-effect push the electron towards carboxylic group and the $-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is not easily break. Hence the order of acidity is -
Karnataka CET-2012
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231507
Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. This can be explained using
1 $+\mathrm{M}$ effect
2 - I effect
3 + I effect
4 $-\mathrm{M}$ effect
Explanation:
(C) : In acetic acid, methyl group release electron due to $+\mathrm{I}$ effect which decreases its acidic character whereas, formic acid does not contain any such type of group. Hence, formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
Karnataka CET-2011
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231529
Choose the weakest acid among the following
+I-effect decrease the acidity of carboxylic acid and -I-effect increase the acidity. Bulky alkyl group have higher $+\mathrm{I}$-effect. Hence $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$ is weakest acid. Hence option (e) is correct. The order of acidity is - $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCOOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}<\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}$
Kerala CEE-2010
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231509
Which one of the following has the most nucleophilic nitrogen?
1
2
3
4
Explanation:
Nucleophiles are the species which have excess of electrons. Among the given species, the lone pair of nitrogen of pyrrole is involved in delocalisation of the ring, thus, are not available for donation. In aniline, the lone pair involved in conjugation with the $\pi$ electrons of the ring while in pyridine, these are relatively free for donation. Thus, nitrogen of pyridine is most nucleophilic. (phenyl and $-\mathrm{COCH}_{3}$ both are electron withdrawing groups, thus decreases the nucleophilicity of nitrogen.
Karnataka CET
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
231513
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basic strengths $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$, $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}, \mathrm{NH}_{3}$
Aliphatic amines are more basic than $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ due to $+I$ effect of alkyl groups. In aqueous medium tertiary amine is less basic than secondary amine because amine is less solvated as compared to the cation formed by protonation of tertiary amine is less solvates as compared to the cation formed by protonation of secondary amine. Hence, the increasing order of their basic strength is as : $\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{NH}$
