SOLUTIONS

Properties & Key Points:

• \( M \): Molarity.
• \( n \): Moles of solute.
• \( V \): Volume of solution in liters.
• \( m \): Molality.

Properties & Key Points:

• Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
• \( C \): Concentration of the gas.
• \( k_H \): Henry’s law constant.
• \( p \): Partial pressure of the gas.

Properties & Key Points:

• \( p_A \): Partial vapor pressure of component A.
• \( p_A^0 \): Vapor pressure of pure component A.
• \( X_A \): Mole fraction of component A.

Properties & Key Points:

• \( \Delta T_b \): Elevation in boiling point.
• \( K_b \): Molal boiling point elevation constant.
• \( m \): Molality of the solution.
• \( \Delta T_f \): Depression in freezing point.
• \( K_f \): Molal freezing point depression constant.
• \( \pi \): Osmotic pressure.
• \( M \): Molarity of the solution.
• \( R \): Gas constant.
• \( T \): Temperature in Kelvin.

• Accounts for ionization or dissociation of solutes in solution.